Abstract:
Green revolution is renewed motivation for agricultural research investments and the creation of new innovation goals all over the world, particularly in poor nations, are the results of worries about preventing as well as responding to climate change. The creation of new agricultural techniques and the efficient dissemination of technologies will have a big impact on farmers’ ability to adapt to and reduce climate change in the near future. Bibliometric methods, scholarly publication, journals, and data from patents are used to assess the effects of development and research (R&D) for new as well as current technologies in the context of mitigating and adjusting to climate change.
We demonstrate how many poor nations devote a small portion of their limited R&D budgets to technologies that have enormous potential for reducing environmental impact and adjusting agricultural production. We also consider other obstacles that can prevent the use of innovation in addressing the problems caused by climate change, such as a lack of finance facilities, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient research capacity. To get through the obstacles mentioned and to guarantee that the innovative potential like green revolution for reducing climate change impacts and preparing for them is realized, a variety of legislative actions are also recommended.
Climate change has clearly observable and direct consequences on agricultural productivity. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that climate change would have a considerable influence on agricultural production in several African countries in its fourth assessment report. (Mbilinyi et al., 2013). Therefore, over the past ten years, worries about the potential effects of climate variability on agriculture have significantly impacted research priorities (Aydinalp and Cresser, 2008). Establishing new innovation goals and reviving the impetus for research in agriculture investments are results of worries about reducing and adapting to climate change.
Farmers’ capacity for adapting to and alleviate climate change will be largely affected in the years to come by the development of innovative agricultural practises like green revolution and successful technology dissemination. In impoverished countries with low agricultural productivity, where hunger, vulnerability, and food scarcity are common and where the immediate impacts of the changing climate will be quite severe, this capacity for adaptation as well as mitigation is increasingly obvious(Lybbert and Sumner, 2012). The implementation of improved technologies like green revolution built on cutting-edge technological innovation (green revolution) and best farming practises would increase crop productivity while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Due in a significant way to the severe challenges that climatic variability imposes on agricultural output in developing countries, new technical developments present a chance to build resilience to the effects of environmental change in the future by developing materials that are suited to or modify for warmer climates. Although the majority of agricultural technologies are directly related to climate change, there are new agricultural technologies applicable to impoverished nations that have the potential to bring major advantages for adaptation as well as mitigation (Khan and Hanjra, 2009).
Agriculture technology for reducing climate change and adaption
- Integrated soil management techniques (ISMT) and green revolution
The ISMP interventions (green revolution) advocate for the combined use of mineral and organic fertilisers in order to establish sustainable and productive agricultural systems. There is no single factor that can completely fulfil all of the necessities for sustainable soil management, which is the underlying tenet of the ISMT approach. (Mugwe et al., 2009). Numerous studies demonstrate how important ISMT is for reducing the release of carbon from agricultural practises.
Reduced energy usage and increased retention of carbon in soils are two advantages of using ISMT through maintenance and zero-tillage approaches. The fact that numerous farming communities in Asia, Latin America, North America, and South America have demonstrated a significant preference for zerotillage is a good example. (Erenstein and Laxmi, 2008; Triplett and Warren, 2008).
- Green revolution and biotechnology:
Utilising modern biotechnology can significantly contribute to reducing climate change and adaption (James, 2013). Only these options are accessible in agriculture. For instance, a greater diversity of nitrogen-fixing plants might be produced through the use of contemporary technologies, such as bioinformatics and genomics. (Bull et al., 2000), Consequently, the need for synthetic fertilisers will decrease.
To combat poverty and provide food security, in emerging nations, new technologically (green revolution) advanced crops of different kinds are also being developed. These crops are able to endure both abiotic and biotic stresses imposed on by climate change. This has constantly provoked discussions about how to employ contemporary biotechnology, in particular GMOs, to create crops that can survive changeable conditions including insect pests, infections, weeds, water availability, and soil erosion.
- Renewable energy technologies (RETs):
It is urged to use a variety of renewable energy sources (green revolution) to combat the problem of anthropogenic GHG emissions worldwide, especially in developing countries. Given that burning coal and wood in power plants results in a significant amount of GHG emissions its’ essential to recognize the impact this has on our environment. While there may be benefits regarding fossil fuel dependence. We must examine alternative strategies for reducing carbon emissions like green revolution.
It is anticipated that crucial renewable sources (green revolution)like hydroelectricity, biomass, geothermal, solar, and wind will continue a critical factor in resolving the issues raised by climate change is acknowledging the increasing importance of renewable energy sources within our future energy mix. Their utilization can prove valuable for enhancing both adaptation and mitigation efforts particularly in emerging countries. There is more and more inexpensive potential for lowering GHG emissions through RETs in many developing countries (Edenhofer et al., 2011). In the majority of tropical developing countries, arable land, streams, and rain-fed systems offer more beneficial that support the expansion of the green energy sectors.
As growing nations move through different stages of advancement around the world, there will be a greater need for energy. Exception being conventional biomass, renewable energy technologies’ (RETs) potential to generate power is growing quickly and accounts for 53% of electricity generation in emerging nations. The potential of RETs to meet energy needs in rural areas at the household or community level and to improve energy security is principally responsible for this expansion (Edenhofer et al., 2011).
4. Limitations on the use of technological innovation (green revolution)
Despite the significant impact that cutting-edge agricultural techniques and technology may have on mitigating and preventing climate change, vulnerable smallholders in emerging nations have faced several challenges in transforming their agricultural systems. Because there are so many variables that could prevent rural farmers from utilising and obtaining new technologies, the adoption stage is often when the biggest challenges appear. Therefore, while taking into account every requirement capacities and investments, it is vital to boost accessibility for contemporary technology possibilities. (Lybbert and Sumner, 2012).
Conclusion:
Development depends heavily on agriculture (green revolution). It provides us with an adequate amount of our food as well as has the ability to greatly lower global GHG emissions. Due to its reliance on the availability of water and climatic factors, agriculture is especially vulnerable to climate change, particularly in regions of the globe including Central and South America, the continent of Africa, and Asia that are more susceptible to climatic threats.
The research, which is important, showed how agricultural innovations such as green revolution would be crucial in enabling farmers to manage the main challenges connected with mitigation and adaptation to climate change in agriculture. Even if almost all innovations of green revolution have the ability to be used in the battle against the effects of climate change, certain of them are particularly well suited to the challenges of agriculture and climate change in emerging nations.
References:
A. Mbilinyi, G. Ole Saibul, V. Kazi Impact of Climate Change to Small Scale Farmers: Voices of Farmers in Village Communities in Tanzania The Economic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF) (2013) 1ESRF discussion paper No. 47
C. Aydinalp, M.S. Cresser The effects of global climate change on agriculture Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 3 (5) (2008), pp. 672-676
T.G. Lybbert, D.A. Sumner Agricultural technologies for climate change in developing countries: policy options for innovation and technology diffusion Food Policy, 37 (2012), pp. 114-123
S. Khan, M.A. Hanjra Footprints of water and energy inputs in food production-Global perspectives Food Policy, 34 (2009), pp. 130-140
J. Mugwe, D. Mugendi, M. Mucheru-Muna, R. Merckx, J. Chianu, B. Vanlauwe Determinants of the decision to adopt integrated soil fertility management practices by stallholder farmers in the central highlands of Kenya Expl. Agric, 45 (2009), pp. 61-75
O. Erenstein, V. Laxmi Zero tillage impacts in India’s rice-wheat systems: a review Soil Tillage Res., 100 (2008), pp. 1-14
G.B. Triplett, A.D. Warren No-tillage crop production: a revolution in agriculture Agron. J. (2008) 100 pp. S-153–S-165
C. James Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2012 (ISAAA Brief No. 44) International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications, Ithaca, NY (2013)
A.T. Bull, A.C. Ward, M. Goodfellow Search and discovery strategies for biotechnology: the paradigm shift Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 64 (3) (2000), pp. 573-606
O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, D. Seyboth, T. Arvizu, et al. Summary for policymakers IPCC Speacial Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA (2011)
T.G. Lybbert, D.A. Sumner Agricultural technologies for climate change in developing countries: policy options for innovation and technology diffusion Food Policy, 37 (2012), pp. 114-123
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About the Authors:
Muhammad Bilal1, Saba Shahid1
1Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad
